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Tilt sensor application in hydraulic and hydropower dam monitoring systems
The safety of hydropower station dams not only directly affects the benefits of the power plant itself but is also closely related to the life and property of downstream people, the development of the national economy, and the ecological environment. With the development of electronic technology and the promotion of digital communication technology, monitoring automation has been ensured. Currently, the automation of dam monitoring in the national power system has been fully launched and is developing towards networking and intelligence.
Main monitoring projects and equipment:
(1) Deformation monitoring
Dam deformation is an important monitoring project for hydropower station dams. It can be divided into two sub-items: horizontal displacement and vertical displacement. Most dams have observations for horizontal and vertical displacements at the dam crest, usually with one pair of measurement points for each dam section. In recent years, there has been a focus on horizontal displacement observations for typical dam sections, generally arranging more than three measurement points along the dam height.
Deformation monitoring equipment for dams can include tension wires, GPS, fixed inclinometers, tilt meters, and static level gauges.
(2) Seepage
Dam seepage is also one of the important monitoring projects for hydropower station dams. It can be divided into two sub-items: seepage pressure and seepage flow. The observation facilities for concrete dams are set in the foundation corridor, with one measurement point for each dam section for uplift pressure; the seepage flow measurement points are determined based on the drainage ditch collection situation, generally able to measure both zonal flow and total flow. The seepage flow for earth-rock dams is observed at the water collection point at the toe of the dam, while seepage pressure measurement points are arranged below the dam's saturation line or behind the toe board, depending on the specific dam type. In addition, groundwater level observation projects are set up on both sides of the dam's slopes to monitor the seepage around the dam.
The main detection equipment for dam seepage monitoring is the piezometer.
(3) Internal observation projects such as stress and strain
Internal observation projects such as dam stress and strain are general observation projects for hydropower station dams, with only some important measurement points included in automated monitoring. Many medium and low dams have stopped or archived such observation projects. Internal observation projects such as stress and strain are commonly applied during the dam construction phase, with commonly used monitoring equipment including embedded strain gauges and rebar gauges.
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